Managerial Accounting Essay

01)How does managerial accounting differ from financial accounting? A: Managerial accounting is concerned with providing information to managers for use inside the organization. Financial accounting is con ¬cerned with providing information to stockhold ¬ers, creditors, and others outside of the organi ¬zation. 02)Pick any major television network and describe some planning and control activities that its managers would engage in. A: Five examples of planning activities include: 1.Estimating the advertising revenues for a future period. 2.Estimating the total expenses for a future period, including the salaries fo all actors, news reporters and sportscasters. 3.Planning how many new television shows to introduce to market. 4.Planning the network’s advertising activities and expenditures. 5.Planning each television show’s designated broadcast time. Five examples of controlling activities: 1.Comparing the actual number of viewers for each show to its viewership projections. 2.Comparing the actual costs of running a production studio to the budget 3.Comparing the revenues earned from broadcasting a sporting event to the costs incurred to broadcast the event. 4.Comparing the actual costs of producing a made for television movie to its budget. 5.Comparing the actual cost of providing global and local news coverage to the budget. 03)If you have to decide whether to continue making a component part or to begin buying the part from an overseas supplier, what quantitative and qualitative factors would influence your decision? A: the quantitative analysis would focus on determining the potential cost saving from buying the part rather than making it. The qualitative analysis would focus on broader issues such as strategy, risks, and corporate social responsibility. 04)Why do companies prepare budgets? A: companies use budgets to translate into formal quantitative terms. Budgets are used for various purposes, such as forcing managers to plan ahead, allocating resources across departments, coordinating activities across departments. These various purposes often conflict with one another, which makes budgeting one of management’s most challenging activities. 05)Why is managerial accounting relevant to business major and their future careers? A: Managerial accounting is relevant to all business students because all managers engage in planning, controlling, and decision making activities. If managers wish to influence co-wokers across the organization, the must be able to speak in financial terms to justify their proposed courses of action. 06)Why is managerial accounting relevant to accounting major at the futures careers? A: The institute of Managerial Accountants estimates that 80% of accountants work in non-public accounting environments. Accountants that work in corporate, non-profit, and governmental organizations are expected to use their planning, controlling and decision making skills to help improve performance. 07)Pick any large company and describe its strategy using the framework in the chapter. A: Amazon.com competes in terms of operational excellence. The company focuses on delivering products faster, more conveniently and at a lower price than competitors. Its using the planning, controlling and make decision making. 08)Why do management accountants need to understand the company’s strategy? A: Planning, controlling and decision making must be performed within the context of company’s strategy. 09)Pick any large company and describe three risks that it faces and how it responds to those risks. A: the company is NIKE, which has suppliers in over 40 countries. One risk that NIKE faces is that its suppliers will fail to manage their employees in a socially responsible manner. NIKE faces the risk that unsatisfactory environmental performance will diminish its brand image. The company is investing substantial resources to develop products  that minimize adverse impacts on the environment. NIKE faces the risk that customers will not like its new products. The company uses focus groups research to proactively assess the customers’ reaction to its new products. 10)Provide three examples of how a company’s risks can influence its planning, controlling and decision-making activities. A: Airlines face the risk that large spikes in fuel prices will lower their profitability. They may reduce this risk by spending money on hedging contracts that enable them to lock-in future fuel prices that will not change even if the market prices increases. 11)Pick any large company and explain a three ways that it could segment its companywide performance. A: Procter&Gamble could segment its performance by product category (Beauty and grooming, Household care, Health and well-being), product line ( crest and tide), and stock keeping units ( Crest cavity protection toothpaste, crest extra whitening toothpaste and crest sensitivity toothpaste). 12)Locate the website of any company that publishes a corporate social responsibility report (also referred to as a sustainability report). Describe three nonfinancial performance measure included in the report. Why do you think the company publishes this report? A: Timberland publishes quarterly corporate social responsibility metrics ( www.earthkeeper.com/CSR/csrdownloads.) there of those metrics include metric tons of carbon emissions the percentage of total cotton sourced that is organic and renewable energy use as a percent of total energy usage. He’s corporate slogan of â€Å"doing well by doing good† suggests that the company publishes CSR reports because that its financial success is positively influenced by its social and environmental performance. 13)Why do companies that implement lean production tend to have minimal inventories? A: companies that use learn production only make units in response to customer orders. They produce units just in time to satisfy customer demand, which results in minimal inventories. 14)Why are leadership skills important to manager? A: organizations are managed by people that have their own personal interests, insecurities, belief, and data supported conclusions that ensure unanimous support for give course of action is the exception rather than the rule. Managers must possess strong leadership skills if the wish to channel their co-wokers’ efforts towards achieving organizational goals. 15)Why ethics important to business? A: Ethical behavior is the lubricant that keeps the economy running.

Homer Barron’s remains that lay on the bed

It was Homer Barron’s remains that lay on the bed in one   of the rooms of the old Grierson house, found there forty years after his disappearance.   The circumstances and events cited by the author of the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† point out to this inevitable conclusion.Only a person with an abnormal state of mind would suffer a dead man to lie unburied for years, mouldering right inside a room in her house. When some of the neighbours complained of the foul smell, Miss Emily acted as if nothing was wrong: the men who had surreptitiously entered her lawn to spread lime over the ground saw her sitting inside one of the rooms.   Unknown to them at that time, she was perhaps keeping vigil or visiting her lover’s corpse.That she would lie down with him night after night – evidenced by the â€Å"long strand of iron-gray hair† found in the indentation in the pillow beside him –   bespeaks of her utter loss of sanity, which was no t so visible at first. That Miss Emily suffered from emotional instability – a streak of madness in her – becomes apparent as the story unfolds.Cloistered in the ancient Grierson mansion, Miss Emily is seen as someone above the average citizen: her supposed lineage kept people at bay.   She ignored tax notices sent after her father died; either she did not comprehend, or she had naively believed the old tale that the townspeople were indebted to her family.   She is impervious   and cold, seemingly devoid of any emotion, as if lost in a   world only she knows about.We find the first strong evidence of her unnatural state of mind when her father dies: she refuses for three days to have him buried, telling the mourners he was not dead.   â€Å"We did not say she was crazy then,† narrates the author.   The people saw her grief as evidence of a despairing helplessness, feeling herself so alone, still unmarried, her father having driven away those young m en who had earlier proposed to her.We are told that Miss Emily â€Å"had some kin in Alabama; but years ago her father had fallen out with them over the estate of old lady Wyatt, the crazy woman . . . â€Å" Here is yet another hint that madness ran in the family.When she and Homer Barron are seen together, causing a scandal among the townsfolk, the Baptist minister is sent to talk to her.   The minister does not say what transpired during their interview but he refuses to go back (and talk to her) again.Perhaps the minister was taken aback by Miss Emily’s haughty demeanor as that she displayed when she vanquished the town officials who had demanded from her payment of taxes.   Or maybe the minister saw something frightful in Emily’s eyes that he refused to talk to her again.

The IASB at a Crossroads Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The IASB at a Crossroads - Assignment Example IFRS ensures high quality standards in financial reporting of financial statements globally by promoting transparency, accountability and integrity in financial reporting. High quality financial reports enable the making of effective decisions IFRS decreases the cost of capital and provides institutional investors with the ability to make well-informed decisions by comparing investment portfolio. Companies trading in the stock market are required to comply with IFRS. IFRS helps to reduce information asymmetry and reduces transaction costs thus reducing the cost of capital. This helps attract Foreign Direct Investments. IFRS also promotes better management control systems. Despite the benefits adoption of IFRS faces quite a number of challenges. There is lack of public awareness on the use of IFRS and its benefits to regulatory authorities and investors. This is because of lack of information on IFRS. There is chronic shortage of competent professionals in some countries especially developing countries to implement IFRS. Most of these countries still use previous accounting practices which IFRS is phasing out. The IASB is ambiguous in its requirement on the adoption of IFRS globally. For instance, the less developed countries would simply adopt the standards without putting in appropriate legislative measures. A few industry players would adopt IFRS and yet the country would be registered as an adopter of IFRS. The IASB can promote updating of academic curricula in universities and training institutions across the world in order to raise public awareness on the use of IFRS and raise competent professionals who can implement IFRS. IASB can continuously publish pronouncements and embark on capacity building programs on IFRS to provide more information to investors and regulatory

COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS - Essay Example This definition regards health to be a holistic concept that integrates physical, psychological, cultural, and social aspects. Primary health care (PHC) is the new paradigm upon which attainment of holistic health goals has become possible. Public health care rests on attainment of good health through community empowerment, coordination, prevention, and health education (Funnell, Koutoukidis, and Karen, 2008). Therefore, Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion-1986 and Alma-Ata Declaration-1978, have become frameworks upon which PHC builds and operates. Health assessment and diagnosis is part of primary health care, and this is vital specifically in designing, packaging, and implementing health care programs and policies. Therefore, a thorough understanding of health assessment and diagnosis is generally important as formidable foundation to attainment of good primary health care program or policy. Community Health Assessment In order to have a thorough understanding of the community, community assessment has become one way of understanding and conceptualizing community. Vollman, Anderson, and McFarlane (2007) describe community assessment as an organized, orderly, and logical process that involves coordinated attempts to understand a particular community. The role of community assessment cannot be ignored by any professional, since community assessment is associated with desire to identify desirable and undesirable factors that influence the health wellbeing of people in the community. At the same time, Hancock and Minkler (1997) ascertain that community health assessment plays role in generating information for change and subsequent empowerment (cited in Vollman, Anderson, and McFarlane, 2007). Community-as-Partner Model The model is based on Neuman’s model of total-person approach, which identifies (Anderson and McFarlane, 2010). Initially, the model was created as community-as-client model to i llustrate the need for public health nursing but was later renamed community-as-partner model to reflect aspects of primary health care (Anderson and McFarlane, 2010). The model integrates and reflects aspects of systems models whereby, different parts interrelate and function in unity but the larger (whole) system is considered greater than the sub-sets systems. The model integrates the four aspects of nursing - person, environment, health, and nursing. Community-as-partner model builds on two major factors ingrained in the model: community as partner, and the utilization of nursing process to work among community people (Anderson and McFarlane, 2010). Community assessment wheel Source: Anderson and McFarlane, 2010 As the model can depict, key concepts of the model include community core, eight interacting community subsystems, community stressors, and boundaries, which have been named as normal level of defense, flexible line of defense, and lines of resistances (Lundy and Janes, 2009). Core constitutes community people with their values, beliefs, and history, and in turn, the core influences and it is influenced by the eight inter-related subsystems. The subsystems include physical environment, education, safety and transportation, politics and governance, health and social services, communication, economics, and recreation (Lundy and Janes, 2009). Apart from carrying out assessment on these two aspects, community nurse is further required to conduct assessment of current stressors that largely make the community experience tension, normal level of d

Gender and Women's Studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender and Women's Studies - Assignment Example The relevance of Myth of Scarcity to Gender & Women’s Studies relates to the manner in which the men respond to crises, blaming the women, who are incapacitated, for not taking part in solution finding (Rosie the Riveters of World War II). b) An example of White privilege at work is the ability of a white rapper like Eminem to market himself through alternative radio stations such as rock, rap, RnB and pop, whereas the black counterparts seldom receive airplay outside the realm of rap. c) The relevance of White privilege to Gender & Women’s Studies is the manner in which feminine traits are deemed weak. As a result, women end up being paid less than men for performing identical work are. For instance, male clothing designers and chefs are paid more than their female counterparts are (SCWAMP 7). a) Definition: A term used to describe the tactics that are used to make oppression successful by involving the victim in it. The victim is confined in a negative image and message environment, victim hating and violence, with a result of self-blaming and low self-esteem (Pharr 59). c) The Relevance of Blaming the Victim to Gender & Women’s Studies is when the male workers blame the female counterparts for not performing as much as them, as it was the case in the World War II (Rosie the Riveters of World War II). a) Definition: A term used to describe the phenomenon in which the oppressor leads the victim of oppression into believing his or her negative views, with a result of self-hatred, which can be expressed through self-abuse, despair and depression (Pharr 60). a) Definition: A term used to describe the tendency of a member of an oppressed group, who has been led to self-hatred through internalized oppression, to express hatred, prejudice and even lacking hope for the group and its members (Critical Terms Sheet). b) Horizontal Hostility takes place when women, who have been rape victims before, condemn all the subsequent rape victims, terming them as agents

2012 Movie Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

2012 Movie Critique - Essay Example The movie, that was released on November 13, 2009, has been produced by Harald Kloser, Mark Gordon and Larry Franco, and the executive producers include Roland Emmerich, Ute Emmerich, and Michael Wimer. Written by Roland Emmerich and Harald Kloser, and starring some of the very talented actors of the time, John Cusack, Thandie Newton, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Amanda Peet, Woody Harrelson and Danny Glover, 2012 takes us to an exotic ride where our minds give birth to many questions and enjoy the discovery of many answers at the same time. The synopsis section of Sony Pictures Digital Inc. (2010) states that, â€Å"Never before has a date in history been so significant to so many cultures, so many religions, scientists, and governments. ‘2012’ is an epic adventure about a global cataclysm that brings an end to the world and tells of the heroic struggle of the survivors.† This report tends to critically analyze different elements of the movie. The thesis statement is that t he Hollywood and the entire entertainment industry can expertly and creatively interpret science, history and archeology to produce an astounding artifact that can excite the whole population making them defer their skepticism for some time. Let’s explore the movie and its filmic elements to find out how much the movie collaborates with our thesis statement. Storyline Critically analyzing the storyline, it must be said that it is quite asinine. However, the disaster scenes are hilarious. The story begins with Dr. Adrian Helmsley, who belongs to an international geophysical team, examining the effect of radiation from exceptional solar storms on earth. During his investigation, he learns that the earth’s temperature is rising. He informs the President about the earth’s conditions and warns him that if he does not take proper measures to stop the anticipated damage, the whole mankind will be ruined with the disaster that is expected to come with the heating up of the earth. Jackson Curtis, a writer, comes up with the same information after he meets Charlie Frost on his camping trip to Yosemite. Charlie Frost is shown preaching that the world is heading towards its end as predicted by the Mayan calendar. World’s leaders from industrialized countries are shown building four massive arks with billions of Euros to save their wealthy families from the approaching disaster instead of thinking about common people. They have no idea how their arks will survive the doom if the catastrophe is the prophetic prediction. No sooner than later, strong volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and sun storms converting into tsunamis, surround the planet creating havoc all around the humankind. The movie ends showing the recession of the tsunamis merging all continents. The survivors include Adrian, Laura, Jackson and his family. Acting The cast of 2012 contains some of the best actors that have made the story look like real. The cast includes John Cusack as ' Jackson Curtis', Amanda Peet as 'Kate Curtis', Chiwetel Ejiofor as 'Adrian Helmsley', Oliver Platt as 'Carl Anheuser', Thandie Newton as 'Laura Wilson’, Danny Glover as 'President Thomas Wilson', Woody Harrelson as 'Charlie Frost', Tom McCarthy as 'Gordon Silberman', Liam James as 'Noah Curtis', Morgan Lily as 'Lilly Curtis', Zlatko Buric as 'Yuri Karpov', Johann Urb as 'Sasha', Chin Han as 'Tenzin', and Beatrice Rosen as 'Tamara'. Since, the movie focuses more on the disaster and the pulsating catastrophic scenes, the acting comes at a secondary position. While watching the movie, we actually do not care what the rate of acting is. We focus more on the

International Business Globalization and Trade, Multinational Research Paper

International Business Globalization and Trade, Multinational Enterprise - Research Paper Example China and India are becoming economic giants and this evident by the way their products are competing perfectively with goods from developed countries like the U.S, UK, and Germany. The two nations have embraced ‘frugal innovation’ system which advocates for producing more for less. The frugal invention helps in cutting production cost of production and this has been an added advantage to Companies operating in the two upcoming economic superpowers. (Urata and Chia et al., 2006). Factors leading to Economic growth in Asian States Innovation is the application of improved solutions which meet the new requirements, inarticulate needs or the existing market needs. This is achieved through more effective products, processes, services, technologies or ideas which are readily available to markets, governments and society. This is happening in Asia where China and India have decided to end developing country life and join the group of developed countries. Frugal innovation has been highly used in China and India. Frugal innovation is the process of reducing the complexity and cost of production of a product. This kind of innovation helps firms in growing at a faster rate by reducing production cost. Frugal innovation has made many firms in Asia to have a competitive advantage (Mason, 2001). Reverse innovation is the kind of innovation used by most of the developing countries. This is a kind of innovation whereby goods developed as inexpensive models to meet the needs of the developing nations. (Govindarajan and Trimble, 2012). Jugaad invention is in full force in both China and India. This is a process of improvising production materials due to lack of enough resources for production. China and India have been using and producing their products using their local readily available resources. These forms of innovations used by the two Asian nations has played a big role in product development (Radjou and Prabhu et al., 2012). China and India incorporated gl obalization in their system. This process has helped the two nations in borrowing technology from developed countries and use them in the production of high-quality affordable products. Frugal innovation in Asia The origin of Frugal Innovation Using the concept of innovation, frugal innovation develops on the theories of movements and capabilities that have been there before. Frugal innovation can be traced back from the appropriate technology movement. This was as a result of a publication by Schumer in 1975 with the topic, ‘Small is beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered’ this was aimed in campaigning the local development of low technology, labour-intensive, environmentally technologies as the substitute to depending on technology- transfer from developed countries. After growing as a global movement, the attractiveness of the intermediate which later became appropriate technology sends a warning message, for it was increasing the implications of second class qua lity. Due to threats like environmental challenges due to ozone layer depletion, the appropriate technology was overtaken by sustainable development which forced countries like China and India to come up with ways of growing their economy (Bound & Thortin 2012). The evolution of frugal innovation was influenced by several factors. The factors included; social movements which helped in the globalization of science technology and innovation. There was the availability of technology for the two countries had tapped it from some developing countries. The growth of the private sector increased networking of the global innovation system as multinational firms explored new locations for R&D.

Marketing Plan on LIFESAVERS(CANDY) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Plan on LIFESAVERS(CANDY) - Essay Example mize the unique talents of its associates so that they can feel valued and remain associated to each other and to Wrigley by inculcating those values. The company’s strategy comprises of four-pronged approach-focusing on the workforce, work place and market place. The company is also committed to certain factors like to create consumer friendly sustainable packaging, reducing packaging weights by 10% from 2015 onwards. They are committed to use sustainable materials and partnering with sustainable suppliers, increasing recycled contents in case of packaging and designing the materials which will be effective from 2015 (Wrigley, n.d.). The company is now publicly traded in NYSE (New York Stock Exchange).The analysis of the company shows it is based on Michael Porter’s five forces model. The model is used to find out the three important aspects of the industry, competition, profitability, and attractiveness of the industry. Three forces, rivalry among existing firms, threats of new entrants and threats of substitute products is used to analyze the competitiveness of the firm (Inman & Et. Al., 2007). Marketers divide the target market into various segments on the basis of homogeneous needs. The customers are segmented on the basis of broad similarity with regards to certain attributes such as tastes, preferences. Lifesavers candy is targeted for all age group of people. Being a non-chocolate product it is free from melting in hot summers. These candies are made from fruit carp. The new innovated product serves the purpose of its customers well in the hot summer which provides a boost to the summer sales of this candy. Keeping in mind about the customers taste and preferences the candy comes in different flavors and colors. Pep O Mint, Wint O Green, sweet and sour strings, Hawaiian fruits, strawberry apple, cherry lemonade, butter Rum, wild cherry are some of its varieties. The product is available in all sizes, from small to big packs. These are mainly a

The American period Of Colonization Essay Example for Free

The American period Of Colonization Essay Flora;Aguinaldo’s Forces continued its attempts to capture Manila from the Spaniards. Throughout this time, American Leaders Forged an agreement with the Spaniards that the Americans latter will surrender to the Americans . The two conspired that a mock battle of Manila Bay will be staged to save the honor of the Spanish crown. This plan was aided by Aguinaldo’s permission to the American request to clear the pasay and Baclaran trenches to avoid any casualty in case of a fight On August 13, 1898, the American started to attack the Spanish fleet. American troops started occupying Intramuros .Though the Filipino soldiers still thought of the Americans as their ally, With the capture of Manila by the Americans, the Filipinos came to realize that the Americans were not their ally. Instead, they were the new enemies. Jascha:The Treaty of Paris On Dec. 10, 1898 the treaty of Paris was signed between Spain and the United States. Under this Treaty, Spain ceded the formally ceded the Phil. To the United States. The ff. were among its important provisions . 1. Spain will cede the Phil. Puerto Rico and Guam to the United states 2. Spain will cease its governace of the Phil. And Cuba. 3. The United States will pa Spain a sum of $20,000,000. 4. The United States will decide on civil and political rights of the territories won from Spain. Philippine–American War known as the Philippine War of Independence was an armed military conflict between the Philippines and the United States, which is formed on Jan. 23, 1899 at Malolos, Bulacan. The war was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence, following the Philippine Revolution, led by Emilio Aguinaldo and the Spanish-American War. Jasteen:The Filipinos realized the true motive of the Americans in coming to the Phil., to annex the Phil. To United States. The conflict began on the night of February 4, 1899 when a Filipino soldier was shot by an American soldier, William W. Grayson (an English immigrant who acquired U.S. citizenship in ). San Juan Bridge in modern San Juan City, Metro Manila was considered the site of the event. When Aguinaldo, who was in Malolos then, heard about this, he asked for the cessation of hostilities. According to him, the attacks were not ordered from him .Aguinaldo also ordered and investigation of the incident. Flora:Despite Aguinaldo’s attempt evade a full-scale war, the Americans went ahead with the hostilities. Aguinaldo, and has no other choice but to declare war against the Americans. The encounters between the Filipinos and the Americans spread in the different parts of the country. Battles began however the Filipinos failed. On march 31, 1899 the capital of the first republic ,fell into the hands of the Americans. Aguinaldo was forced to leave Malolos. He went to San Fernando, Pampanga where he was transferred the country,s capital. Although the Filipinos lack of arms and weapons, the Filipinos continued the fight however failed and provinces and cities fell into American hands. Jascha:Military Leaders of the Republic of the Phil. Were forced to surrender. Felipe Buencamino ,Sr. General Fernando Canor of Nueva Ecija and Colonel Tirona of Cagayan surrendered in Dec. 1899 they were soon followed by Pedro Paterno the president of the Malolos Congress, Paciano rizal ,Maximo Hizon and Others were among those who were exiled in Guam. Lyquel:The escape of Aguinaldo Aguinaldo managed to elude the Americans. And later moved to Palanan ,Isabela where Aguinaldo established his main headquarters. It was General Gregorio del Pilar who volunteered to block the Americans’ pursuit of General Aguinaldo ,General Gregorio del Pilar waited for the Americans on Dec 2, 1899 at Tirad Pass in Ilocos Sur with 60 filipino soldiers. When they saw the Americans Aproaching they began to shoot An exchange of shots took place. At the stat American soldiers encountered difficulty since they don’t know where the is the location of the Filipino soldiers . Jasteen:Unfortuneately, Jaunario Galut, a Christian Igorot, revealed to the Americans a secret passage that would enable the latter to surround the Filipino soldiers .General del Pilar and the Filipinos fought valiantly but were defeated because of Jaunario Galut’s treachery. Most of them died including del Pilar ,the very few who escaped brought the sad news to Aguinaldo. Flora:Aguinaldo’s Arrest On January 8,1901 Cecilio Seguismundo, Aguinaldo’s messenger, was arrested by Gen. Frederick Funston in Nueva ecija. With Sequismundo was document contaning orders from Aguinaldo to send troops to Palanan. General Funston and his scout companions left Manila Bay on March 6, 1901. with them were and English and Taglaog interpreter and four taglaogs. Jascha:March 23 they reached Panlanan. The Taglogs pretended to be filipno soldiers . Funston and his men entered Aguinaldo’s camp and fired ate the guards they then arrested aguinaldo in the name of the American government. President Aguinaldo was brought to Manila and was made to take his oath of alleagiance to the United States. Questions 1.Jaunario Galut a Christian Igorot, revealed to the Americans a secret passage that would enable the latter to surround the Filipino soldiers 1. January 8,1901 Cecilio Seguismundo, Aguinaldo’s messenger, was arrested by Gen. Frederick Funston in Nueva ecija 2. General Gregorio del Pilar who volunteered to block the Americans’ pursuit of General Aguinaldo 3. The conflict began on the night of February 4, 1899 when a Filipino soldier was shot by an American soldier, William W. Grayson 4. August 13, 1898, the American started to attack the Spanish fleet 5. march 31, 1899 the capital of the first republic ,fell into the hands of the Americans 6. Dec. 10, 1898 the treaty of Paris was signed between Spain and the United States 7.Americans on Dec 2, 1899 at Tirad Pass in Ilocos Sur with 60 filipino soldiers. 8.General Funston and his scout companions left Manila Bay on March 6, 1901 9. William W. Grayson an English immigrant who acquired U.S. citizenship in .

Efficiency And Effectiveness Of Supply Chains Management Essay

Efficiency And Effectiveness Of Supply Chains Management Essay Introduction Ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of supply chains in the food sector is an important challenge to todays businesses. Fresh milk is a perishable product; its easily despoiled and risky to supply chain. In order to ensure that when the milk arrives into markets, it is safe and in the top quality at the same time, the supply chain involved in moving milk from the farm to the market has to be managed carefully. This report aimed to review particular risk issues associated with the optimisation of the supply of fresh milk. The concept of supply chain risk management including supply chain risk sources, risk consequences, risk drives and risk mitigating strategies. In this report, there were also analyses the above information and produce an outline and strategies which suitable mitigation processes to alleviate the risk within the global network. Supply Chain Risk Sources The type of supply chain risk can divide by internal and external risk. The internal risks have including supply risks/ commercial risks, operational risks, strategic risks and security risks/ technical risks. According to the Hiles and Barnes (2001, p. 31), he divided that the internal supply chain risks of an organisation can be covered into five core risks. Internal risks (Hiles and Barnes, 2001): Supply risks or Commercial risks- the risk of relationships failing or succeeding, including business interruption due to loss of key supervisory. Operational Risks- the risk of human mistake or careless, which obstruction supply chain run smoothly including design mistakes, employee practices risk and interrupt. Strategic Risks- the risk of plans failing or succeeding, for example the marketing strategy or business strategy of the company itself are imperfect. Technical risks- the risk of physical assets failing/ being damaged or enhanced, for example equipment breakdown and infrastructure failure Financial risks- lack of financial control such as over budgets External risks: The external supply chain risk sources can divide by supplier / logistics failures and environmental risks. Suppliers and Logistics failures- risks between the stream of product or information which within the network, upstream supply chain of the company. Environmental issues: the environmental risks can be divided by 5 types, for example: Natural disasters, the geological events such as earthquakes; space weather such as sunspots, and extreme weather events such as hurricanes, typhoons and floods and health pandemics such as SARS or AIDS. Natural disasters may cause infrastructure damage, telecommunication downtime, and damage to a firms assets and danger to its employees. Political risk such as international relations, unstable political and governmental policies, will become the barriers of supply chain. Infrastructure risks, including IT failures, power blackouts and transport blocking or deterioration, may delays the transportation time. Legal Liabilities, the regulations may arise from fulfilment with product liability standards. The particular risk issues in the fresh milk supply chain Environmental issues: Natural disaster The natural disaster is the significant importance risks of fresh milk supply chain. Seasons always are the problems in foods supply chain. In this case, the seasons always affect the production of milk. According to the research reported the milk production is high in spring season when the fields are at their most lush, and reduces in the late autumn and winter. In order to overcome the problem, farmers have to manage calving and feed supplement to make sure milk can produce evenly throughout the year (www.tdtvictoria.org.au). At the same time, milk quality also has been affected by seasons; the milk quality will be low during the dry season. According to the research, in spring, the cow can provide high quality milk with high production. But in winter, the production and quality of milk will become low (Alan Spedding, 2009). In addition, another natural disaster for example bad weather, Tsunami and volcanic, it will delay the transportation times, and it could add significantly increase cost including transportation costs, labour costs and the opportunity cost and costs of damage. Due to the fresh milk is a perishable product, deliver on time is very importance to meet the consumer needs, but serious delays cause by natural disaster may lead to spoilage and rejection. (www.defra.gov.uk). Technical risks logistics risks Poor infrastructure for milk collection, distribution and storage will affects the supply chain efficiency and effectiveness. The lack of technical will increase the food safety and spoilage risks. According to the David Harris (2008, p3) claims that Fresh milk sales were handicapped by the lack of an effective refrigerated supply chain from on-farm cold storage through to home storage. Long distances of transportation and insufficient chilling facilities will increase procurement cost and harmfully affect milk quality, the cold storage facilities is significant important to the long distances milk transportation (Arshad H. Hashmi, 2004). Milk suppliers need to have enough capacity and safety in technical support and milk collection centre because the lack of chilling and cooling centre at potential milk producing and supply area are not allow in the milk supply chain (www.business-ethiopia.com). Another increase the logistics risk is high cost of collecting raw milk from the manufacturer. According to the Milk Market (2010), it found that the high transport costs through political intervention such as environmental taxation, and fuel prices has increased in milk supply chain logistics costs. The motorway charges for heavy goods vehicles have increases about 15 % and the new EU-Regulations (April 2007) reduced lead- and calmtimes of the drivers become the logistics risk of milk supply chain (www.milchindustrie.de). Process risks Cows are milked twice times a day and it can be store in the refrigerated vats for no longer than 48 hours. To avoid spoilage, the milk should be collected from the vats every 24 or 48 hours by refrigerated tankers. So the process of milk stored, and transport to processing centre, retailer and supermarket should be as soon as possible (www.tdtvictoria.org.au). Especially in hot climate countries, the milk will spoilage easily, the process of milk store and transport should be fast. The production of milk process is complicated, from farms to collect centres until to supermarkets, the process is long, people cannot makes any mistakes in this whole process. The process such as milking practices, milk handling, sanitation or the process of delivering milk should be clean, safe and fast. Milks supply chain Source by: Financial risks Global supply chains risks including supply disruption, supply delays, demand fluctuations, price fluctuations and exchange- rate fluctuations (Chopra. S Meindl. P.,2010). In milk supply chains the large fluctuation in milk prices and foreign exchange risks have result significant hurt milk supply chain performance. For example, in the 2008 the supply of milk on the global market increased and the demand reduced following rising prices for dairy products and the recession. The foreign exchange risks also have a major impact on the income statement and balance sheet in Arla company ( Arla Annual report, 2008) The risk consequences of supply chain 3.1 Risk consequences in natural disaster The seasons affect the milk production and milk supply chain and it makes the financial loss, performance loss and psychological loss to the organisation. According to the Blackburn. N and Kite. E. L (2008) defines that weather has played a part in milk production with the UK predicted to produce 13.19 billion litres in the 2007-08 quota year, some 300 million litres less than 2006-07. The decrease of milk production and increases the financial loss to the company. For another example, the milk shortages case in Pakistans urban place during the summer periods. The shortage increase the adulteration processes in Pakistan. In the fresh milk process, the unscrupulous traders added the water and other substances and harmful chemicals to fresh milk (Arshad H. Hashmi , 2004). This risk consequences including in this case are financial loss, performance loss and psychological loss because the health dangers basis by these practices are huge and the costs of ignoring the current levels of adulteration in fresh milk supplies will be far costly than rectifying the system (Arshad H. Hashmi , 2004). And the milk supply chain also gain the financial loss and performance loss after the Iceland Volcanic eruption. 3.2 Risk consequences in milk process The risk consequences in milk process have including financial loss, performance loss, psychological loss time loss and social loss. The process such as milking practices, milk handling, sanitation or the process of delivering milk should be clean, safe and fast, because milk easy spoilage after 48 without cool stored and using unclean containers, drunks. The processes to refining milk also have to ensure all materials and milk products are safe for human use by destroying all bacteria that may be harmful to health. Unsafely materials will harmful to people healthy, it will increase the psychological loss, performance loss, financial loss, time loss and social loss. For example: China sick milk cases had poisoned many children, although that is human fault but this also shown that the serious risk consequences of milk process which did not process safety (BBC news, 2008). In this case, Arla facing the financial loss, psychological loss and time loss worked together with its China partner to re-establish trust in the companys products again. They also take time and money to procedure for multiple testing of the milk used in production which have been recreated and implemented (Arla annual report, 2008). 3.3 Risk consequences in technical risk and logistic risk Technology also plays an important role in the supply chain management. Morden technical can improve the milk supply chain efficiency and milk quality. The refrigerated collects milk can helps to reduce the time barriers of the milk supplier deliver milk from farms to collect centres or processing factory. The new technology also helps to produce high quality milk and milk quality control. Cooling system is too expensive to a small farm to cool a small amount of milk. So for the small farm which lack of technical, this become the risk in the milk supply chain, because milk easy spoilage in high temperature, the process to deliver the fresh milk to the milk collect centres should be fast. Delays deliver will increase the physical loss and financial loss. The risk consequences in logistics risk have including performance loss, time loss and financial loss. The long distances transportation milk will gain the time loss and reduces the quality of milk, affect the milk performance increase the milk supply chain performance risk. The high cost of logistics will cause to financial loss because it will increase the cost of milk production. 3.4 The risk consequences in financial risks When the large fluctuation in milk prices in the year 2008, the milk supply chains difficult to look forward to development in the rapidly changing global market, many milk members have chop down about 15 % of the milk, in order to survival Arla goings-on to pay its members the highest possible price for their milk, this is the difficult periods to Arla to continue their milk supply chain business, but this has significantly hurt supply chain performance. Besides that, the foreign exchange matters also are a significant factor for Arla Foods, its have a major impact on the Arlas income statement and balance sheet (Arla Annual Report, 2008). Risk drivers According to the Jutner,U., Peck,H and Christopher, M. (2003) states that the risk drivers is the issues that turn risks into consequences. The risk drivers increased the level of risk, there are including internal and external issues, for example a focus on efficiency rather than effectiveness, globalisation, the rend to outsourcing, reduction of the supplier base, political or regulation etc (Tang. C.S., Teo. C.P, Wei. K. K, 2007). The supply chain risk drivers can define by either internal or external of the companies. The external drivers have included demand, supply risk and environmental, however the internal drivers are including process risk and control risk (www.decisioncraft.com). Table 4.1 Risks drivers in milk supply chain Risk category Risks driver Risk impact Plan control risk EU health and safety regulations Increase cost of capital Supply risk Globalisation of supply chains Reduction of the supplier base Motorway charges Production stop Replacement purchase costs Logistics costs Process risk Lead time Quality Human error Repair costs Reputation loss Demand risk Demand fluctuations Changes in preferences Bullwhip effect Environmental risk Weather seasonal Opportunity costs Replacement costs Internal drivers 4.1.1 The complexity of the Legal liabilities EU health and safety regulations are once of the policies that affects to the milk supply chains. The regulation is used to identify the milk quality assurance. All of the milk supply chains especially the distribution which has participate in internationally competitive supply chain, they should fulfil with EU health and safety regulations (www.optimilk.net). In order to fulfil the EU health and safety regulations, milk supply chain improve their safety process to produce milk from farms to supermarkets. The high cost of the safety process will increase the burden of milk supply Chain Company, increase pressure on margins, cost and efficiency. The regulatory also increase the complexity of the supply chain such as assembly line, outsourcing, off-shoring, and this makes the milk supply chain outsourcing more import from outside EU (www.goodfood-project.org). 4.1.2 Transportation costs- Motorway charges The high transportation costs become the risk driver in milk supply chain. According to the Milk Market (2010), it found that the high transport costs through political intervention such as environmental taxation, and fuel prices has increased in milk supply chain logistics costs at the same time increase the capital costs in companies, it may become a financial burden in the company especially for the global companies. (www.milchindustrie.de). External drivers The reduction of the supplier base The raw material risks drivers turn a significant risk into consequences of supply chain. A great example of Arlas group, its always have shortage problems in milks and other raw material risks. The material prices will increase when in the shortage periods, in order to reduce the risk; Arla will make a fixed agreement with its suppliers to ensure price predictability (Arla Annual report, 2008). The reduction of the supplier base cannot meet the customers needs; this will cause the supply chain failure. The globalisation of supply chains The globalisation of supply chain is risking to domestic supply chains, in order to gain the competitive advantages, the domestic supply chain have to expand their business to the global supply chain. However, the global supply chain will face many barriers, such as transportation costs, language problems, different business strategy, regulation and culture. This all uncertainty management is the risk drivers in overseas supply chains. Risk mitigating strategies According to the Wu. T and Blackhurst. J (2009, p.16) states that the risk mitigation plans in the Supply Chain Risk Management should include: Risk identification and modelling- identify the root causes of risks Risk analysis- analysis the potential consequences in the supply chain risk Risk management- selecting solutions and undertaking the implementation Risk monitoring and evaluation- monitoring, controlling and managing solutions Organisational and personal learning- such as knowledge transfer to others within the organisation and its supply chain members. Tang, C, (2006) has provide a robust nine strategies for mitigating supply chain disruptions. The strategies including postponement , strategic stock, flexible supply base, make and buy, economic supply incentives, flexible transportation, dynamic pricing and promotion, assortment planning and silent product rollover (see Appendix A) 5.1 The mitigation of milk supply chain risk There have found that the main risks in the milk supply chain are natural disaster, Technical risks logistics risks and process risks. There have several strategies below that can mitigation of milk supply chain risk: Postponement: delays deliver because of the natural disaster in the milk supply chain always affects the milk quality, in order to maintaining the transportation costs and maintaining the quality of milk. Milk supply chain companies can using the postponement strategy aims at delaying some supply chain activities until customer demand, this designed to increase flexibility and responsiveness and also maintaining unit cost and quality (Bowersox.D.J, Closs. D.J, Cooper.M.B, 2010). This will mitigate the time loss and financial loss in milk supply chain risk. Flexible transportation 3PL: for the logistics risk in milk supply chain, the milk supply chain can use the 3rd party logistics method not only can share the logistics risk with them. 3PL offers many types of transportation services, after milk supply chain using a 3PL provider, the milk supply chain companies can focus on the milk production. This will improve the milk quality and also increase the efficiency and effectiveness in supply chain. Today, many food companies are outsourcing various supply chain activities- 3PL to gain a competitive advantage, for example Cadbury Adams, Hershey, Nestle they all have works together with 3PL logistics. Flexible supply base Joint venture: Lack of the supplier always is the risk in the milk supply chain, outsourcing and joint venture with others farmers is the another method to increase more suppliers. For example, Arla occasionally buy milk from others suppliers provided them technical to meet the quality standards. The joint venture method has brought UK farmers closer to Arla and to develop the cooperation with their Finnish milk suppliers and collaborators (Arla Annual Report, 2008). For the milk supply chain companies who lack of supplier, the joint venture is the goods method to remove this risk. Adoption of new technology: Processing risk is the serious risk in milk supply chain; the failure process in milk production will come out significant consequences. In order to remove the risk, the training on milk handling practises, farm processing are needs. For the complexity of the food safety regulation, milk supply chain should encourage adoption of new technology complimented farm production extension resources to enforce food safety regulations. Arla Foods after using wastewater treatment technologies the problem of milk spillages have been reduced by around 400-1000 litres per day and also reduce discharge costs at its milk processing plant in Hobro Mejer (Shaun Weston, 2009). Conclusion There have many internal and external supply chain risks in the milk products. The risks issues have included environmental issues, process risks Technical risks logistics risks. The risk consequences in milk supply chain industries are very wide, it have include financial loss, performance loss, psychological loss, time loss and social loss. The supply chain risks always occurs, there are no such a ways to remove all the risks. The suitable mitigation processes to alleviate the risk with the global network there have: Postponement strategy: to delaying some supply chain activities until customer demand, increase flexibility and responsiveness and also maintaining unit cost and quality. Flexible transportation: working with 3PL logistics provider helps to increase the integrated operation, warehousing and transportation services in milk supply chain and also can share the risk with others. Flexible supply base: Joint venture with others to increase the supply flexibility, firm can to shift production among suppliers promptly. Innovation of technology: to maintain and increase the quality of products. Appendix A: Supply chain risk mitigation strategies

Green Solvent for Synthesis and Catalysis

Green Solvent for Synthesis and Catalysis Adnan S/OAbdul Qayyum Title Green Solvent for synthesis and catalysis: Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. Abstract This proposal describes a research project to synthesis the ionic liquids; the alternative green, non-volatile solvent to harmful volatile organic solvent and chemical industries in the future. The ionic liquids, whose properties can be predicted before their synthesis. The already known properties enable to gain required result for different applications. This has versatile the range of applications of Ionic’s liquids. The properties of I.Ls are affected by a no. of factors such as lattice energy, electrostatic potential between cation and anion, charges of ions, separation between the charges, symmetry hydrophobicity. Currently scientists are working not only on synthesis of new ionic liquids but also elevating their applications in different fields including solar cells, lubricants, green organic solvents etc. Because of significant properties attributed to these new classes of compounds, which have been classified as new compounds only a decade ago, we started studies tow ards the synthesis of ionic liquids. We attempted to prepare different types of ionic liquids. i) Imidazole based ionic liquids ii) Caffeine based ionic liquids. Introduction â€Å"The term ionic liquid implies a material that is fluid at (or close to) ambient temperature, is colorless, has a low viscosity and is easily handled.† (Sheldon) â€Å"Room temperature ionic liquids are generally salts of organic cations, e.g. tetraalkylammonium, tetraalkylphosphonium, N-alkylpyridinium, 1,3-dialkylimidazolium and trialkylsulfoniumcations.† (Sheldon) â€Å"Most basic definition of a room temperature ionic liquid is a salt that has a melting point at or near room temperature.† (Handy) â€Å"Organic salts with melting points below ambient or reaction temperature.† (Maio) â€Å"Ionic liquid is a salt with a melting temperature below the boiling point of water.† (Wilkes) Ionic liquids are defined as molten salt composed entirely of ions without any neutral molecules and having low melting point (usually ~100ËÅ ¡C) The properties of the ionic liquids are mentioned below. Problem or Need In this knowledge era, science has changed our world by discovering new methods to be the beneficial for human being but simultaneously it also pollutes our environment. Therefore these methods and chemicals have also become somehow harmful to the human beings. So this is how, these chemicals, which polluting our environment have become a problem for the common people. Organic solvents are widely used in the laboratory and industries, which are volatile and used in huge amounts, i.e. Solvents are the most damaging chemicals. That is why, our research project is about finding some green alternative to the most damaging solvents. The new alternative solvent will be non-volatile, less toxic, biodegradable, air and moisture stable and economically viable to large scale process. Objectives and Expected Significance: We have prepared project to give alternative solution to above mention problems. After synthesizing the green non-volatile, non-toxic solvent, the pollution could be reduced to great extent. Not only this, ionic liquid may have a lot of benefits and may be used as in batteries, propellants, lubricant, storage media for toxic gases, performance additives in pigments and many more. Methodology 6.1. Imidazole based ionic liquids. Room temperature ionic liquids are generally salts of organic cations, e.g. tetraalkylammonium, tetraalkylphosphonium, N-alkylpyridinium, 1, 3-dialkylimidazolium and trialkylsulfoniumcations. Imidazole has a unique property to stabilization a positive charge on nitrogen that’s why we use it as a substrate. Two nitrogens in imidazole stabilize quaternary nitrogen charge therefore the weaker the charge so it form ionic liquid which is liquid in room temperature. General reaction of imidazole based ionic liquid is 6.2. Caffeine based ionic liquids Caffeine has been chosen due analogy of its structure with imidazole. Since five membered-ring that is fused with a six membered ring possessing amide and imide moieties, must behave like imidazole which has extensively been used in the synthesis of ionic liquids. For this reaction, first we prepared alkyl caffenium halides by treated of caffeine with different alkyl halide (i.e. methyl iodide, ethyl iodide and hexyl bromide) and taken tetrahydrofuran as a solvent, alkyl caffenium halide is obtained as a white crystals. We also tried to prepared caffeine based ILs due to its similar analogy structure with imidazole. Caffeine is relatively less expensive and is easily available in abundance. ILs become cheaper and its applications enhanced due to the use of caffeine. It is reported in literature that Nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds are used to generate stable carbenes, which were then used to carry out different reactions. One of such reaction is benzoin condensation that may be carried out using carbenes. Properties of Ionic Liquids The properties of ionic liquid differ by the different combinations of cation and anion for particular applications. Some of the important properties of ionic liquids are: melting point, vapour pressure thermal stability, viscosity, high heat capacity. Due to these properties ionic liquids are widely applicable, as shown in figure 2. Melting Point Ionic liquids are defined as molten salt composed entirely of ions without any neutral molecules and having low melting point (usually ~100ËÅ ¡C). The chemical and structural composition of an ionic liquid (molten salt) depends upon its melting point. Lowering of melting point is due to the low symmetry of cation and weak intermolecular bonding. By keeping the cation constant we can also use different anions which can affect the melting point. The melting point decreases with increase in the size of anion. [3] Vapour Pressure and Thermal Stability Ionic liquid have no measureable vapour pressure due to this property it can easily separated from reaction mixture by distillation. The thermal stability of an ionic liquid is directly related to the strength of the heteroatom-carbon and heteroatom-hydrogen bonds. Ionic liquids formed from either protonation of amines or phosphanes show significantly restricted thermal stability. [3] Density There is a linear relationship between the density and the N-alkyl chain of cation. The density decreased as the N-alkyl chain increased. [3] Viscosity Ionic liquids are generally more viscous then the classical organic solvents. Cation shows some effect on the viscosity of the ionic liquid. Lower viscosities tend to be a result of small side chains that have sufficient mobility. As side chain increases due to vander waal forces viscosity increases. Temperature is another factor which affects the viscosity of ionic liquid. As temperature increases viscosity decreases. [3] Solubility Characteristics By changing the combination of cations and anions we can tune the solubility of ionic liquid. The solubility of ionic liquid can also depends upon the nature of R group. By increasing the length of alkyl chain the hydrophobicity of the cation increases, as the result its water solubility decreases. [6] Solvent Properties The most common classification used to describe a solvent is polarity of that solvent. Ionic liquids are considered as polar solvent by nature because they can dissolve and stabilize dipolar or charged solutes. [3] They have tendency to dissolve many different many other materials such as organic, inorganic and organometallic materials. [1] Table1: Comparison of ionic liquids with organic solvents. [5] Scope of Ionic liquids Ionic liquids are attractive, useful, advanced solvents that are a sight of attention by the renowned chemists for its unique and distinct properties. Its tunable components provide a wide range of successful and desire products. Figure2.IL publications (on May 27, 2009) determined from the ISI Web of Science in the last fourteen years. This is the main reason it is getting huge importance in the field of chemistry now a days. No doubt the immense research work in the field of green chemistry has been an attractive sight for the last few years. [5]By the passage of time many new cations and anions have been reported. The common cations and anions are given below Common Anions: BF4; B(CN)4; CH2CHBF3; CF3BF3; C2F5BF3; nC3H7BF3; nC4H9BF3; PF6; CF3CO2; CF3SO3; N(SO2CF3)2; N(COCF3)(SO2CF3); N(SO2F)2; N(CN)2;C(CN)3; SCN; SeCN; CuCl2; AlCl4; OH Common Cations: Timeline As soon as this project is funded, we import chemicals in first two months while start synthesizing with the available chemicals. Within a one year Insha’Allah, we will complete synthesis about 50 ionic liquids and also check their applications. Evaluation The evaluation will be conducted by PCSIR and HEJ Research institute. This evaluation will be done under the direction of Dr. Nasir-Uddin who has much experience as a professional program evaluator. He had also done the evaluation of several large-scale governmentally funded projects. All chemists already have the experience on this research topic. Every experiment will be done under the supervision of Dr. Imran Ali Hashmi, Ph. D from German on synthetic chemistry. Reference Literature Cited A review of ionic liquids towards supercritical fluid applications SedaKeskin, DefneKayrak-Talay, UgËËÅ"urAkmanâˆâ€", O ¨ nerHortac ¸su Department of Chemical Engineering, BoËËÅ"gazià ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ci University, Bebek 34342, Ëâ„ ¢Istanbul, Turkey Received 2 August 2006; received in revised form 8 May 2007; accepted 29 May 2007 Green chemistry ionic liquid Useful reaction solvents (TCI) Physical Properties of Alcohol Based Deep Eutectic Solvents Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Christopher Harris, University of Leicester, 2008 Paradigm Confirmed: The First Use of ionic Liquids to Dramatically Influence the Outcome of Chemical Reactions Organic letters, 2004, Vol. 6, no.5, 707-710 Review on the Chemical Stabilities of Ionic Liquids SubbiahSowmiah, VenkatesanSrinivasadesikan, Ming-Chung Tseng and Yen-Ho Chu * Molecules 2009, 14, 3780-3813; doi: 10.3390/molecules14093780 Ionic liquids: Innovative fluids for chemical processing AIChE Journal Volume 47, Issue 11, pages 2384–2389, November 2001 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071-2083 ACTA UniversitatisOuluensis, Johanna Kà ¤rkkà ¤inen Preparation and characterization of some ionic liquids and their use in the dimerization reaction of 2-methylpropene The Design of Polymeric Ionic Liquids for the Preparation of Functional Materials Journal of Macromolecular Science R _, Part C: Polymer Reviews, 49:339–360, 2009 Ionic Liquids: Current developments, potential and drawbacks for industrial applications LenzingerBerichte, 84 (2005) 71-85 Recent developments of task-specific ionic liquids in organic synthesis Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews Vol. 4, No. 1, March 2011, 41_54 Task-Specific Ionic Liquids James H. Davis, Jr. Chemistry Letters Vol.33, No.9 (2004) Wohler, F. Liebig. J. Ann. Pharm. 1832, 3, 249-282 Lapworth, A. J. J. Chem. Soc. 1903, 83, 995-1005 Van DenBerg, H. J. J. Mol. Cat. 1943, 51, 1-12 Suzuki et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 8432-8433 Budget 1 | Page

The Economic System of Slavery: As Told in A Respectable Trade and Amis

The Economic System of Slavery: As Told in A Respectable Trade and Amistad The economic system of slavery is an all-encompassing system that effects the mentalities of all who participate in the system. People in a slave society are shaped differently than people influenced by other economic systems, as this system classifies people as property, inherently going against all aspects of human nature. We see how slavery has come to shape individuals, and indeed, entire societies both in Amistad and A Respectable Trade. In these films arise the themes of economic value of different systems of slavery as well as themes of the morality of the slave trade and the devaluation of human dignity and liberty. While the two films portray vastly different contexts in which slavery exists, they have in common the struggles between profitable economic systems of the times and the social evaluations of these economic institutions. In a slave society, there exists a control over productive resources by a specific subset of society. That is to say, the wealth of the economy is largely concentrated in the hands of a few. In a slave system, control over productive resources specifically means control over people, as it is the slaves in this economic system who are the resources, or whose labor is responsible for producing the resources. In the film Amistad, the production done by slaves is clearly delineated by the work they do on the plantations, as we do not see slave labor in the domestic realm as a prominent feature of this society. The Africans captured by their fellow countrymen are defined as property, as chattel, as soon as they set foot on the slave-trading vessels. Thus, within the system of slavery we see that huma... ...he situation, as the British begin to see that the slave trade is not as lucrative as industry could be. The abolition of slavery in England, therefore, is not so much influenced by morality as it is by money. Even though Amistad and A Respectable Trade vary in their depiction of the economic system of slavery (domestic servitude versus plantation labor), they share commonalities in their depiction of the overwhelmind grip that slavery had on societies. Slavery was as much a cultural system as it was an economic system, because it shaped all who participated in the system; the Africans forced into the system, the masters that owned people as chattel, and even those who opposed the system altogether. Slavery is an economic system that involves decisions of the conscience and the fundamentals of human nature, possibly more so tah any other economic system.

Rosa Luxemburg :: essays research papers

Rosa Luxemburg Rosa Luxemburg was one of the finest political theorists of the 20th century. Rosa Luxemburg was a German socialist leader and revolutionary. She was prominent in the international socialist movements in the early years of the 20th century. She believed that only socialism could bring true freedom and social justice. At the age of five she became seriously ill. After recovering she walked with a limp and later sciatic pain caused her much trouble. Rosa Luxemburg founded the German Communist party. Rosa was born into prosperous Jewish family in Russian Poland. Until recently, little was known of Rosa Luxemburg's personal history. She guarded her private life assiduously. Newly discovered information has revealed her unique family environment that can be directly attributed to her accomplishments as an adult. Her family relationship was close and always supportive. She was born on March 5, 1871 in Zamosc, Poland which was part of Russia then. She was educated in Warsaw, where she became active in political societies. In 1889 she went to Poland to avoid being arrested for her activities and settled in Switzerland. She studied natural science and political economy at the University of Zurich. While there she wrote a doctoral dissertation entitled The Industrial Development of Poland in 1898. In 1898 she migrated to Germany, acquiring citizenship by marriage to a German worker and became part of the German Social Democratic party (SPD). It was leading organization of international socialism. During the Russian Revolution of 1905 Rosa went to Warsaw to participate in the struggle and was imprisoned. After her release she taught in the SPD school in Berlin during 1907-1914 and wrote The Accumulation of Capital in 1913. At the outbreak of World War I, she and the German socialist Karl Liebknecht formed a revolutionary faction within the SPD that became known as the Spartacists.

Critical Thinking Questions Essay

Labeling is a societal way of correcting wrongs within the community by giving names related to the kind of wrong committed. Unfortunately, this does not always correct the deviant’s behavior. The labeled character internalizes the label and gets accustomed to it so as behave as labeled. Once one is called a thief they become one because the society is already aware of their character and they have no fear. They abide to the ascribed label, (Labeling and Crime, 2001). 2). What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance? Primary deviance, according to Edwin Lemert, is the initial act in which a person is identified to have committed a social wrong. When the society tries to correct it by punishing the offender they may or not stop committing this act depending on their perception of the form of correction. Secondary deviance is a kind of deviance that results from the reaction of the offender to the initial societal corrective measures. The offender tends to acquaint themselves with stubbornness against first hand correction to mistakes. As result of being labeled they develop a mind set that they are deviants. The community may try to punish them harder only to realize that they harden and commit the crime more frequently and fully become criminals rather than just deviants, (Crime and Criminology, 2010). 3). What are some examples of master status not in the text? A master status is acquired when one is successfully labeled and develops that particular kind of label making it his/her personality. For example, one may acquire a master status as a prostitute, rapist, gay or homosexual. This may have resulted from an act out of curiosity, desperation or poverty. When it is known to the public they may be labeled. The community does not want to associate with them and they may not get jobs due to the label and they decided to make it their personality for survival. 4). What are traits associated with them? Master status may result to a complete change in the character and personality of an individual. The new state makes them express low self esteem, shyness to the public, wild reactions that make them commit the crime more even after harsh punishment. They may tend to be closely associated with other criminals and may indulge in other related crimes other than the one they were labeled after. This mixed reaction results from victimization of the labeled person by capitalizing on his weakness rather than promoting their strengths. 5). How do those assumed traits affect our perceptions of people with that status? The perception of the community on a person who has acquired master status is transformed towards the description of this person in accordance to their label. They are called thieves other than teacher or father which would still be his other roles in the society. The community perceives them as evil and criminals despite any attempt to act well. 6). What are decision-making types used by rational choice theory? Decision making in rational theory may be in two types. Criminal event decision type and criminal involvement decision type. Criminal involvement type of decision making involve the criminal weighing options on whether participating in a criminal activity would yield more benefits or negatives. A cost benefit analysis is first taken before one commits crime. Crime event type of decision making involve the issues related to a particular crime that respond to the questions where, when, and how. The person must have decided to commit a crime and but they are either held back by either of the above mentioned situations which would promote the success of the crime, (Vito, Maahs, & Holmes, 2007). 7). How do these decisions apply to crime? The rational decision making applies in crime in a number of ways. If a criminal decides that it would be beneficial, advantageous, and lucrative to commit the crime then they would commit it at particular location and specific time as deemed appropriate. When the analysis is completed the criminal does not fear any punishment emanating for the crime they intend to commit. This is applicable in theft and burglary cases. References Crime and Criminology: retrieved in 2010. http://www. sociologyindex. com/crime. htm 2010 Labeling and Crime: edited in March 2001: http://www. le. ac. uk/education/resources/SocSci/labelling. html 09 Vito, GT F. , Maahs, J. R. & Holmes, R. M. (2007). Criminology: theory, research, and policy. Canada: Jones and Bartlett’s publisher.

Pride and Prejudice on Marriage

Marriage in the Words of Jane Austen 06 December 2013 In the modern world, when two people decide to make a lifetime commitment to one another, they are agreeing to devote their own lives to one another for the rest of their time on Earth. It is an allegiance that is not to be taken lightly, and with the upmost consideration and assurance. Marriage in modern-day society is a union that is based on love, compassion, understanding, and a devotion to another person. In the Regency Period in England however, the concept of marriage was far more complicated and structured than it is now.Men and women who were not yet married had very strict rules and regulations about how they should interact with one another, whether it be privately or publicly. Such rules included not conversing in private without the presence of a chaperone, having no intimate or physical contact -including hand shakes-, and only speaking of certain topics that were to be monitored by an elder. Marriages were often arr anged and were based on wealth and property, as opposed to love. Very rarely did people marry out of passion and true feelings.It was not common to truly fall in love with someone and marry for the ole purpose, presumably due to the fact that young women were in such a rush to find their future husbands. It was far more common to marry based on stability and economic background. In Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice, both types of marriages are reflected between the couples in the story. There are several examples of bad marriages, good ones, and the exceptional marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth.Though women were brought up to believe that marriage was about economic and social security, Elizabeth insists on getting married for love, and not for any other reason besides that. In the end sne is able to tind such love and marry Darcy. Jane Austen uses Elizabeth and Darcy's relationship to portray what a marriage should truly be based upon, and to teach people of the Regency Period to marry for love, as well as in an attempt to rid the idea of marrying based on social class and economic standing. The era in which Jane Austen lived was one in which social and economic ranking played a tremendous role in one's reputation and success.In terms of marriage, young women were taught to look for a man of wealth and security. Men also chose heir wives strategically, being that perhaps their ladies' fathers might offer them deals and treaties. It was sometimes an unfair arrangement in which a man and woman had to settle for one another based on material objects. Karen Newman, who wrote a critical essay on the novel in 1983 says, [Marriage] does after all refer to a real social institution that, in the nineteenth century particularly, robbed women of their human rights.The most cursory look at the legal and cultural history of women makes it clear that these narrative events reflect the social and legal limitations that women of the eighteenth and ineteenth centuries fac ed and that in turn reflect the way a patriarchal society has manipulated biological roles for its own advantage. (693-710) In other words, the morals and standards of the time took away many rights that women had as human beings. They were seen as property by their husbands and had very little choice in who they were to spend the rest of their lives with.She states that the messages in the novel directly reflect the constricting regulations that were set forth during their time period, and how men were superior to women. Many marriages were not based on love or happiness, but merely on oney and social ranking. This type of marriage presents itself in Charlotte and Mr. Collins, who marry without any sense of love for one another. Mr. Collins has been harassed by Lady Catherine De Burgh about finding a wife, and he wishes to please her by asking for a women's hand in marriage sooner rather than later.He believes that Charlotte's father is a reputable man, which was important during t his time. He also knows that Charlotte will most likely have a reasonable dowry. On Charlotte's end, she decides to marry Mr. Collins based on security. She wants a comfortable ome and children, and is aware of her lack of looks and money; therefore she accepts Mr. Collins proposal right away. Elizabeth is astonished by Charlotte's decision to marry for money, but Charlotte has her reasons for doing so. She says to Elizabeth, When you have had time to think it over, I hope you will be satisfied with what I have done.I am not romantic, you know; I never was. I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr. Collins's character, connection, and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can oast on entering the marriage state. (Austen, chapter 22, page 17) Charlotte has always believed that since people change so much during marriage, that it makes no difference how they feel about each other before hand. She believes that she wil l be happy enough with Mr. Collins, knowing that she will now have stability and a family.Whatever her thoughts may be, it still holds true that her marriage is one that is completely void of sentiment, passion or romance: it is simply a marriage of convenience. Charlotte and Mr. Collins's marriage is the epitome ot what marriages ere like during this period. It is matrimonies such as this one that Austen was fighting against, and attempting to prove wrong. She uses this relationship as a way to highlight the norm during this time, in order to have contrast to a great marriage based on love, which is later seen in that of Darcy and Elizabeth's marriage. There is also a clear distinction between Charlotte and Mr.

Texting While Driving Satire

I text while driving. I try not to, but I do. And I know what you're thinking. I get it. You think I'm careless. You think I'm reckless. You think I'm dangerous. You say I'm an accident waiting to happen; that I'll probably get killed one day; that I might even kill you. I tell you now, I understand. But I don't care. I have places to be, text messages to send. At times I've been brilliant, multitasking to perfection; typing ‘Brobdingnagian' while making a double lane change in Austin rush-hour traffic.Other times I've swerved, or barely hit the brake in time, only to throw my phone in the backseat and make that same promise to never again send a text message while operating a vehicle. Okay, so I care. But despite caring, I've found that there isn't a scare, short of an accident, that will deter me from texting while driving. Not even the law. And being that I'd rather not die, or kill you, all in the name of an anecdotal text that just as well could have been typed while in pa rk, I've since developed a set of rules.These rules, when followed, have been as fool-proof as directions for walking while chewing a piece of gum (excuse the triteness). I no longer swerve. I'm no longer forced to slam on my brakes. And for the past eight months, my â€Å"Texting While Driving Protocol† has saved both our lives. Rule 1: Predict the Future. Know how the road will unfold as you divert your attention to your phone. As â€Å"10 and 2† drivers, we're already required to predict the actions of and be accountable for all objects in and around our path (i. e cars, pedestrians, cyclists, animals).Compare and Contrast Driving in the Winter and Driving in the SummerWe're regular clairvoyants. And sure, we have laws which aid us in predicting those intended actions of others, but that only further supports my next point: It is not required that our senses be entirely engaged at all times for us to â€Å"trust† while on the road; that to look away from the road for x amount of time, as long as a driver can account for all future events that may unfold within the distance travelled during x, is no less safe than looking both ways before one walks across a street, which also requires a level of anticipation.Rule 2: Reestablish your whereabouts after each written word. This means you must LOOK UP after each word you type, and predict 2-3 more seconds of future before typing your next word. Rule 3: Use shorthand. Yes, shorthand. The same shorthand that has been slowly killing language since man's invention of time and his subsequent inventions to save it. But this lax variation of language will keep you in the 2-3 seconds per word range. And I know, you're a writer with high grammatical standards. You punctuate all of your texts. How dare I suggest you replace â€Å"tonight† with â€Å"2nite†?Just remember: Life > Language. Rule 4: Hold your phone as close to the top of the steering wheel as possible. This will allow for gre ater access to your peripheral vision, and may help you catch any unforetold objects. But not too high! Unless the law is still on your side. Rule 5: Do NOT text while making a turn. Not only is it tougher to sense the position of your vehicle in its designated lane, but you also lose any advantage gained by holding your phone in its peripheral position. With these rules in mind, I guarantee that you will be a better driver.

Critical Analysis of the poem “Breaking Through” Essay

The poem Breaking Through written by Myrna Peňa-Reyes is very profound in terms of its appeal to the reader. The poem is all about the filial relationship between a son/daughter and a father. The poem basically revolves around the father and his son/daughter. The plot of the poem tells the reader that a certain persona in the first stanza  receives a parcel that came during that morning. The persona lamely opened the small box and it takes for him/her a short labor to undo the tie. Although the box is just small, it is being tied skillfully and very well. It is not stated in the first stanza where the package does came from but lately, it is being mentioned that it’s from the persona’s father. The package box came all the way across 10, 000 miles of ocean. While opening the box, the persona can feel the love of his/her father that binds them together. Breaking Through if examined could be the literal meaning of breaking through or the undoing of the strong thread of two or three strands that are being twisted together tied around the package box received by the persona from his/her father. The title its self could be the connotation of the applied effort of a certain persona in the poem in executing a little labor by untying the box. This effort of the persona in the poem is very present from line 1 to 7 of the first stanza. It says that, â€Å"Haltingly I undo the knots around your parcel that came this morning. A small box should require little labor, but you’ve always been thorough, tying things tight and well. The twine lengthens, curls beside the box.† The title Breaking Through is the metaphorical representation of the filial devotion of the persona to his/her father. The title could be the denotation of the persona in the poem of the lessons that he/she had learned from his/her father. It could also mean â€Å"love† as supported from the last two lines of the second stanza. The line say that â€Å"my father, this undoing is what binds us.† Although it’s not directly mentioned that love is the breaking through, it is showed indirectly through subliminal meaning of the phrase â€Å"this undoing is what binds us.† What makes the father and the persona bind? The clear and not vague answer is love, nothing more. The author also used symbols in the poem. The first symbol is the box. As an assertion, the box highly symbolizes the love of the father to the persona that is being away from him. It is distant because the author mentioned in the last lines of the first stanza. It says that the package box came across 10, 000 miles of ocean. The box also represents the longing of the father to  his son/daughter that is away from him for a long time. Through the box, the father extends his warm filial love to his son/daughter. The knots around the parcel also represents that the father’s love is true and fair to the persona. The love that is true and fair can be supported by lines from 6-7 of stanza 1 that says â€Å"but you’ve always been thorough, tying things tight and well. The twine lengthens† and lines from 11-12 of stanza 1 that says â€Å"you hoped the package would hold its shape across 10, 000 miles of ocean.† In those lines, the father of the persona tied the knots thoroughly to keep the package in its original shape from the father’s home until it reaches the persona’s hand. It only signifies that he wanted that his best regards and love would remain in tact after journeying across 10, 000 miles across the ocean. The knots also symbolized of how patient the persona’s father, it definitely reflects the he tied the box. In the poem, there is a mention of belt in the 10th line of first stanza. It says, â€Å"once your belt slapped sharply against my skin,† it is being enclosed in the parenthesis for further emphasis. The belt that the author projects in line 10 only symbolizes that the persona’s father is a man of discipline. He slaps the persona sometime in his/her childhood to discipline him/her. Through the belt, it shaped the persona for he/she no. through the father’s slapping, the persona learned things between bad and good, and right or wrong. The belt also symbolizes display or the manifestation of power. It only shows that during childhood of the persona, he/she exists in the patriarchal world. Indeed, during the persona’s childhood, he/she exists in te patriarchal society for he/she experienced being beaten by the father. Not using the scissors in cutting could also mean a lot in the poem. As an assertion, the persona did not use the scissors to unravel the tight knots of the box because the persona wanted to savor the moment of unraveling with love. If the person uses the scissors, it will project that the persona is non-appreciative of the love of the father. Not using the scissors could also mean that the persona prolonged the excitement by opening it very lamely. It also means that the persona had learned the craft of patience from his/her father. The author had also left its readers the dramatic impact by not revealing what is inside the box. It poses questions of what is inside the box. Is it a food? Books? Dress? Bag or anything that is liquid? The reader can’t figure out for its not revealed. A strong assertion is that, no matter what’s inside the box, it surely resembles the love of the father to the persona of the poem. In a contemporary setting, if the author is mentioning about across 10, 000 miles of oceans, the first that comes into the mind of the reader is that, the persona is situated abroad or in states. If being assumed that the father is in Philippines, maybe the persona is in West Asia, America, Europe, Australia and others. The reader does not also know if the persona is working abroad, married, touring and etc. because it’s not directly stated. What is very vivid in the context is that they are away from each other and they haven’t seen each other for a long period of time. The tone of the poem is about longing and sadness. In the first part of the poem, the persona undoes the box haltingly. Haltingly in other words could mean lamely. In this thought alone, an assertion came in that the persona is sad because it made him/her feel home sick as the box arrives. The tone of longing could also be sensed. As the persona is undoing the knots of the box, the persona reminisce his/her father-his teaching, disciplinary actions and love. Through the presence of the box, the persona can imagine his/her home that heightened his/her sadness and longing. Characterization of the father in the poem is also very effective. In the context, the father is portrayed as caring for he sends the persona a package box although its very far. Unlike other father figure, the father in the poem is very mild-not ruthless and cruel. Though there is a use of belt slapping in the poem, it is being done to discipline his child. The father did do it for a good purpose, for the benefit of the child when he/she grew up but not in the abusive manner. The father figure in here is perhaps a gentle and amiable father. The author also used strong images to convey the meaning of the poem. The delivery is very suggestive images like the undoing of the box; the scene is very vivid and understandable. Through this clear description, it brought the reader the catharsis of emotions or eliminating its complexity, the author effectively carried out the essence and meaning of the poem. In terms of form and structure, the author unconsciously celebrated the form over the content. Like T. S. Eliot, she has done it for she chose to write in free verse or blank verse. She does not follow rhymes and meters, what she did is the total deviation of the traditional metered poems. The style is very contemporary, or maybe it belongs to the Romantics. In general, the Breaking Through is a superb poem. It tackles a rarely touched theme in poetry, filial love. Through this theme, it makes the poem unique and notable.

Films of Alfred Hitchcock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Films of Alfred Hitchcock - Essay Example In this paper, the focus lies on a 1960 Alfred Hitchcock film, Psycho where a theme comprising of violence, sex and phallic proxy will be discussed. This horror movie, which has won several awards, has continued to be listed among the best-produced films especially because of encompassing several themes. The story focuses on a secretary, Marion Crane, who together with the boyfriend has financial issues. The duo’s marriage plans are adversely affected by the huge debts they have to pay. When Crane meets Sam, the boyfriend, for lunch the latter tells the fiancà ©e that all the money they would get will have to pay the fast-accruing debt. Upon finishing the lunch, Crane goes back to the workplace where the boss instructs the secretary to deposit some $40,000 to the bank paid by a client for a service. Interestingly, Crane seeks permission to take the afternoon off, but plans to run away with the cash (Smith, p11). As noted with the other movies, there is hardly a film with a single theme; many have more than even two, and Psycho is no exception. Even though it has a number of these, this paper, as already indicated will primarily focus on sexuality, violence and phallic of proxy. When Crane decides to vanish with her employer’s money, the boss unfortunately, sees her. Consequently, this causes her to be nervous, and makes wrong decisions in the process. After overcoming the seemingly opposition fronted by a police officer who finds her asleep, Crane continues to a motel called Bates motel, belonging to a Mr. Norman Bates(Smith, p14). Up to that point, one can see several themes including that of symbolic economy. First, when Crane decided to steal the money, the financial pressure she was experiencing catalyzed the decision. It is not always that horror movies are used in relation to money-related issues, and especially in matter of debts. Yet, movies have a way of affecting people in a number of positive

E-Marketing Review for Easy Jet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

E-Marketing Review for Easy Jet - Essay Example By the year 1999, the airline grew to be the fifth biggest airline in the US in context of the total number of domestic passengers it flied. Not only the airline grew in size but it also managed to be profitable for the entire period of thirty odd years when many well established large airlines like the USAir or the Continental were making losses. This established the fact that there is room for low cost no frills airlines like Southwest and if operated judiciously, the model could offer good revenue and profit. In Europe the initiator of low cost model of airlines was Ryanair, an Irish company, which incidentally when launched in 1985 was offering traditional airlines services but at a comparatively lower price. Though Raynair’s low prices pushed big competitors like British Airways to reduce their prices, yet Ryanair itself was unable to make any profit till 1991. But during this period the management gave a visit to Southwest’s Texas operations and came back decided to introduce the no frill low cost structure in their airline also. This resulted in profit in 1992 and since then Ryanair has become a marquee name in this industry. (Doganis R., 2006). In the year 1995 EasyJet was founded by Haji Ioannou based on the same philosophy of low cost and no frills, in footsteps of Ryanair and Southwest airlines. EasyJet has setup its base at Luton airport which is a secondary one, to cut operational costs and beat congestion and maximize turnaround time. The airline has been successful in implementing the low cost model and has become the 2nd largest airline in the low cost arena, just after its main competitor Ryanair in Europe (Rothwell S., October 2008). At the initial stages during 1995 EasyJet operated with two Boeing 737-200 aircrafts which were leased and contract pilots and other staff. Financials: EasyJet had revenue of  £1797.2 million in 2007 with corresponding profit of  £ 152.3 million. In 2008 EasyJet had much

Improving Organizational Communication through CFM Essay

Improving Organizational Communication through CFM - Essay Example Conway Inn & Hotel has gone through reductions in customer flow in the last two and a half years, which has seen cutbacks in some of the services offered by the organization. Because of the reduction of customer flow, many customers have stopped frequenting the establishment, which has occasioned small-scale staff layoffs. Consequently, the organization has seen a decrease in revenues, which has also affected the confidence of the employees in the organization’s capability to keep them employed. An increase in customer flow and subsequent transition into a high performance organization can go some way in resolving this issue. The organization would also like to explore the possibility of franchising into Best Western. The customer flow at Conway Inn & Hotel has slowed down, which can be seen by reviewing the registration logs that are meant to alert the organization on dropping rates of customer flow. The establishment has been popular with the local population, as well as vis itors travelling through the town because of various amenities offered, such as cab services, free Wi-Fi connection, and refrigerators in the rooms. The downturn in customer flow, however, has seen the organization cut back on several services, which must be maintained if they are to have a competitive advantage over their competitors. There have been several attempts to improve on customer service, although the organization has been faced with difficulties with this because of the reduced customer flow. Therefore, this analytical research paper will seek to answer the question: â€Å"How can Conway Inn & Hotel transition into a high performance organization?† The best way to do this, as will be argued, is through customer flow management, or CFM. Literature Review Customer flow manag

Applied science Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Applied science Report - Research Paper Example While clinical science includes a scientific component, it also includes aspects of care such as communication and knowledge, acquired through interaction in the health care environment. Clinical science is distinguished from medical practice, in that it includes experiences and knowledge gained through interaction, as well as relevant data surrounding clinical issues. Daniels & Powell (2006) define clinical science as â€Å"the contributions of scientific disciplines to health promotion and the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease through the development, communication and application of new knowledge.† The definition does not suggest, however, the existing knowledge and experiences are cast aside, in preference of more current findings. It implies that existing knowledge, experience and data can be used to further advance or develop new methods of inquiry and new approaches for the clinical setting. Two topics of interest in clinical science today are those of exer cise and sports psychology. Exercise is an increasingly important topic, as more Americans face health issues, due to sedentary lifestyles. Benefits of regular exercise are linked to longevity and holistic wellbeing of a person. Sports psychology is an important topic, as it provides insight into how top athletes develop and how they are able to become the best and fiercest competitors. This report will investigate how a physical activity program and visualization techniques can be coupled, to improve overall fitness. â€Å"Numerous athletes are turning towards mental imagery to take their game to the next level† (Plessinger, 2011). Understanding how athletes use imagery can help those who adopt a regular exercise program achieve the results they desire. Research Method The method of research used for this report is inquiry into current literature on both the benefits of regular exercise and the benefits of visualization in exercise. Data collected from literature includes sc ientific journals on exercise and sports performance, with the inclusion of reports available on the internet, which focus on health benefits of exercise and the benefits of visualization in sports. Key words used to find relevant literature include visualization in sports, benefits of regular exercise, mental imagery in sports, science in exercise and use of mental imagery in competition. The databases used for journal articles are Academic Search Premier, for articles in Journal of Sports Behavior and Ebscohost, for Journal of Physiological Anthropology. Ebscohost is also used for the Book by Carol W. Kraak and Vivica I. Articles pertaining to sports performance were also obtained directly from the Vanderbilt University, Psychology Department website and from the University of Minnesota, Department of Medicine site. Findings Physical Exercise With realization on benefits of regular exercise comes the pressure of incorporating exercise program into already over-crowded and busy dai ly routines. This means that maximal benefits are sought under the shortest span possible, predisposing one to risk of injury and chronic fatigue. Therefore, there is need to formulate a proper working out program. It is of great importance that before commencing an exercise program, one should consult with a clinical physician or a qualified sports physician. This takes